The Efficacy Of Sodium Fluoride - 1401 Words

RESEARCH METHODS 2 QUESTION 1: PART A: 1. Aims: To determine the efficacy of sodium fluoride varnish (22,600ppm) application biannual and use of high concentration fluoride toothpaste (2800ppm) together in high caries risk children wearing orthodontic braces against development of white surface lesions (WSL) between 12- 16 years of age. 2. Objectives: To detect and classify progress of caries using ICDAS system in high caries risk children wearing orthodontic braces with combined use of fluoride varnish applications biannually and use of high concentration fluoride toothpaste (2800ppm) vs. use of fluoride varnish application biannually and normal strength (1450 ppm) fluoride toothpaste. 3. Hypotheses: The combined use of biannual fluoride application and high concentration fluoride toothpaste reduced the occurrence and progress of caries measured according to ICDAS system in high caries risk children. 4. Study design: 2 year randomised controlled trial was conducted. PART B: Methods for the proposed study: 1. Population of interest: The study was conducted at a very busy orthodontic practice. A total of 186 participants were included in the study. Inclusion criteria for children to be part of study was: Patient fitted with fixed brace in last 2 month, no active carious lesion present, dietary analysis shows high cariogenic diet, committed to attend every six months. Children excluded from the study: children who alreadyShow MoreRelatedEffectiveness Of A Patient Applied 10 % Potassium Nitrate1890 Words   |  8 Pageson pain assessment in other fields. The reproducibility of subjects in clinical trials of dentine hypersensitivity may therefore contribute to difficulties in establishing treatment efficacy of agents in clinical trials. Schiff T, Delgado E, Po Zhang Y et al. (2009) The aim of the study was to determine the efficacy of an in-office desensitizing paste containing 8% arginine and calcium carbonate relative to that of a commercially available pumice prophylaxis paste in reducing dentin hypersensitivityRead MoreDevelopment Of The Mammalian Central Nervous System Essay738 Words   |  3 Pagespolyphenolic compound, obtained from the rhizome of the turmeric (Curcuma longa), and possesses pleiotropic pharmacological and biological properties. Curcumin attenuates neurotoxicity induced by various toxicants such as fluoride, acrolein, okadaic acid, lead, ethanol, arsenic, sodium metabisulfite, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), and ÃŽ ²-amyloid (AÃŽ ²) (Doggui et al., 2013; Flora et al., 2013; Hoppe et al., 2013; Jaisin et al., 2011; Noorafshan et al., 2013; Rajasekar et al., 2013; Sharma et al., 2014; TiwariRead MoreAnti Tumor Effect On Tongue Cancer Using Animal Model Essay1988 Words   |  8 Pages Chemoprevention involves suppressing, delaying or reversing carcinogenesis by pharmacological intervention with the naturally occurring or synthetic agents (Sporn and Suh, 2002; Tsao, 2004). According to Shukla and Gupta (2006), the ability and efficacy of the natural agents to define molecular targets is one of the most necessary goals in cancer chemoprevention. Many naturally-occurring dietary compounds have been shown to possess a significant chemopreventive activity and many studies have beenRead MoreDevelopment Of Novel Chemotherapy Drug Delivery Systems2164 Words   |  9 Pagesthe damage to healthy tissues, and nanoparticles monitor the treatment’s progress by absorbing the light and fluorescing back at a different color. In chemotherapy, nanoparticles became a prominent delivery system because of their enhanced drug efficacy and accumulation at tumor sites by taking advantage of the tumor’s leaky vasculatures enhanced permeability and retention effect.5 There are different mechanisms nanoparticles utilize to deliver drugs into a host. The stimuli-responsive active targetedRead MoreThe New York City Water System2654 Words   |  11 Pagesthe drinking water contaminants such as testing turbidity, lead and Cryptosporidium and Giardia presence. Turbidity of drinking water is monitored every four hours at selected locations to insure good water quality. High turbidity may encumber the efficacy of disinfectants. Water can absorb lead from fixtures, solder and pipes. Mandated lead contamination testing is done at select homes throughout NYC. Cryptosporidium and Giardia are water borne bacteria that if found in drinking water can cause intestinalRead MoreThe Acceptability of Eggshell Powder as Alter native Component in Making Toothpaste†2138 Words   |  9 Pagesas an abrasive that aids in removing the  dental plaque  and  food  from the teeth, assists in suppressing  halitosis, and delivers active ingredients such as  fluoride  or  xylitol  to help prevent tooth and gum disease (gingivitis).  Most of the cleaning is achieved by the mechanical action of the toothbrush, and not by the toothpaste. Salt and sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) are among materials that can be substituted for commercial toothpaste. Toothpaste is not intended to be swallowed, but is generallyRead MoreVitamins and Minerals in Modern Society7964 Words   |  32 PagesMany elements have been suggested as essential, but such claims have usually not been confirmed. Definitive evidence for efficacy comes from the characterization of a biomolecule containing the element with an identifiable and testable function. One problem with identifying efficacy is that some elements are innoc uous at low concentrations and are pervasive, so proof of efficacy is lacking because deficiencies are difficult to reproduce. Relatively large quantities of sulfur are required, but thereRead MoreAn Ideal Desensitizing Agent As A Agent2270 Words   |  10 Pagesthat produced by NovaMin ® paste. However, the study also demonstrated that ProArginâ„ ¢ was effective, for 30 days compared to Gluma ® and NovaMin ®, in maintaining desensitization significantly The authors also recommended further research to test the efficacy of these desensitizing agents with a larger sample size for longer duration of follow-up and the assessment of different grades of sensitivity amongst to confirm the results. In a scanning electron microscopic study conducted In vivo on the extractedRead MoreHolistic Approach14986 Words   |  60 Pagesmay heal you from that affliction. According to a study in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), 40 percent of hypertensive patients could do without their medications when they gave up smoking, limited alcohol consumption, reduced sodium intake, and exercised moderately. Therefore, understanding the causes of disease can bring about not only the prevention but also a cure of a disease. Prevention better than cure Unlike conventional Western medicine, which focuses on reducing andRead MoreSexually Transmitted Diseases35655 Words   |  143 Pagesthis, bases can commonly be thought of as any chemical compound that, when dissolved in water, gives a solution with a hydrogen ion activity lower than that of pure water, i.e. a pH higher than 7.0 at standard conditions. Examples of simple bases are sodium hydroxide and ammonia. Bases can be thought of as the chemical opposite of acids. A reaction between an acid and base is called neutralization. Bases and acids are seen as opposites because the effect of an acid is to increase the hydronium ion (H3O+)

Dominicans And Afro-americans Essay - 944 Words

In America today, there is a large and diverse African-American population. Within this population, there are several ethnic groups. The other ethnic group similar to Afro-Americans is Dominicans. Not only are they both minorities, but they also look similar as well. Both Dominicans and Afro-Americans are originally from Africa, but their slave masters separated them into two different cultures. African-Americans was African slaves of Americans, and Dominicans were African slaves of the Spanish. Hevesi of the New York Times says, quot;Dominican and Afro-Americans culture was formed from one ethnicity, Africansquot; (Hevesi 86). As a person of these two ethnic groups, I have two perceptions of my dual ethnicity. Among Afro-Americans’ and†¦show more content†¦In a way Dominicans and Afro-American languages are the same because of the content of their language. As being African slaves, Dominicans and African-Americans dont speak their second language correctly. In the Un ited States today there are Dominicans and Afro-Americans. Some American Dominicans speaks English, with slang as the Afro-Americans do. The African slaves couldnt pronounce the words of their newfound language. They made other words that they could relate to with one another. Both Dominicans and Afro-Americans did this. Afro-Americans and Dominicans have different values and different styles of life. Most Dominicans are racist towards African-Americans because â€Å"America† perceives them as the same ethnic group. I think that because of this, Dominicans feel insulted that they can’t be viewed as Hispanics. Even though Dominicans have African influences just as Afro-Americans do, they don’t want to be accepted as blacks. For example, some Dominicans don’t want other Dominicans to date Blacks and have interracial relationships. They are not realizing how similar their cultures are. Dominicans believe that they have a full Spanish heritage and they try to forget about their African origins. Dominicans value life as Spaniards. Dominicans were completely brainwashed away from their African background that is really hard for them to escape from. Dominicans eat different types of food and they listen to different types of music than AfricanShow MoreRelatedCultural Identity1007 Words   |  5 Pagesoff the â€Å"Black and/or African-American† box. Baffled, he asks, â€Å"Why did you check that box off? We aren’t Black.† I stared at his alarmed face in amusement, studying the ebony skin that envelops his being. Releasing an all-too-familiar sigh, I raise my bronzed arm to his. â€Å"Yes, we are,† I reply. My entire life I have led an internal battle with my cultural identity. I am a first-generation citizen of the United States of America. I am a daughter of two Dominican parents, who emigrated from theirRead MoreRace, Ethnicity, And Gender783 Words   |  4 Pagestheir race, ethnicity, social class and gender. There are many philosophical theories that relate to these discussion such as white gaze, one drop rule, and five faces of oppression. Moreover, these theories also applies to my ethnicity which is Dominican. Even though race is not a real concept, due to the fact that is a men made belief to categorize people based on their skin color, culture, and religion, it isolates people into experiencing new things. Thorough history, we have seen how blacksRead MoreAfro Latino Identity : America1066 Words   |  5 PagesNyya Bradley Professor Ada Diaz English 003-10 February 18, 2015 Afro-Latino Identity in America Imagine you are a person of mixed Latino race living in the United States and you are preparing to fill out a census form. None the choices accurately display who you are racially. This is a problem for many people of Afro-Latino descent. An Afro-Latino is defined as any person who is of both Latin and African descent. The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) defines Hispanic or Latino as â€Å"a personRead MoreI Am Third Generation Puerto Rican American1320 Words   |  6 PagesGallerie Quezada 22 October, 2017 Sociology 1001 Professor Bunyan I am third-generation Puerto Rican American. Although some do not see me as black, my race is black, my ethnicity is Puerto Rican, and my nationality is American. I grew in a city where 39.3 percent of the population is Hispanic. Growing up in urban city where a large percentage of the population is Hispanic shaped who I am, what I have learned, and the struggles I overcame. Even though there is no specific Puerto Rican skin toneRead MoreBlack in Latin America688 Words   |  3 PagesBlack in Latin America: Haiti and the dominican Republic 1) How did Haiti and the Dominican Republic begin? What European countries influenced the development of these nations? - Haiti and the Dominican Republic is an island with two countries of Hispaniola. Haiti makes up 1/3 of the island while the Dominican Republic makes up the rest of the 2/3 of the island. The Dominican Republic contains a mix blood of Afro-European population with the history of Spanish colonialism, while Haiti has African-caribbeanRead MoreHarvest of Empire by Juan Gonzalez Essay examples1340 Words   |  6 Pagesimmigrants from Puerto Rico, Mexico, Dominican Republic and Central Americans. Gonzales develops his thesis by asserting that Latin American immigration and Latino presence in the United States are markedly different from European immigration history to this country in at least three main ways: Latino immigration is closely tied to the growth and needs of the U.S. empire; race and language attitudes in this country have had the effect of moving Latin Americans not from immigrant to mainstream statusRead MoreAn Active Role in Shaping History Essay1590 Words   |  7 Pagesheritage (in addition to European and Native American heritages as well). Since then, the African-descended have experienced more employment, improved education, and leadership. Gomez also noted how blackness was not entirely recognized in the Caribbean with the example of the Dominican Republic and Haiti. Race was an arbitrary and politicized concept because being black was really associated with being Haitian and impoverished. Although the majority of Dominicans were of mixed race, they did not acknowledgeRead MoreAfro-Latinos in NYC1406 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Afro-Latino in New York City Growing up in New York City is a very unique experience. You grow up surrounded by a diverse population of people packed tightly into one city. But with this kind of diversity come the questions of self-identification and how others view you. I was born and raised in the upper Manhattan neighborhood of Washington Heights which is known for its mostly Dominican population. Moreover, growing up in the public school system and everyday New York living has exposed meRead MoreEssay on History of Rumba, Merengue and Salsa1379 Words   |  6 Pagesto Holger Henke in his The West Indian Americans, Jamaican Rex Nettleford was correct when he said, â€Å"’dance was a primary instrument of survival’.† As such a vital part of cultural traditions, dance plays and integral role in the history culture. Three of the most influential styles of dance in the Caribbean are the Rumba, The Merengue, and the Salsa. The word Rumba is defined by the Merriam Webster Dictionary as â€Å"a ballroom dance of Haitian and Dominican origin in 2/4 time in which one foot isRead MoreEssay on Dominicans In America2327 Words   |  10 PagesDominicans In America The Dominican Republic or also known as La Republica Dominicana is a small island that is 18,816 square miles, located off the coast of Florida. The Dominicans of this land share their island with the Haitians. The island has a subtropical climate, mountains, rolling hills, and fertile river valleys. The economy is mainly dominated by sugar, which still earns much of the countrys foreign exchange despite establishment of varied light industries and the development of nickel

Operational Role Of Security Information - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Operational Role Of Security Information. Answer: Introduction Event management is one of the industries that involves multiple of activities, which ranges from wedding to festival events. This is the reason behind the growth of this industry in the global sphere. Every event differs in some way or the other. With a change in lifestyle, people like to arrange an event for every reason. This increases the demand for such events with successful people involvement. Event can be small consisting of local region or it can be a big event covering a bigger prospect. However, it is seen even with fast growth of such events on every ground, be it for festivals or exhibition, the industry still lacks behind due to various reasons (Ibisworld 2018). The paper discusses the competitive nature and growth prospect of the industry by carrying out a micro level as well as macro level analysis. Micro Industry Analysis Micro industry analysis explains the competitive nature of the industry and demand of people for the industry. Micro level analysis visualizes the threat that the company is facing and the reason behind it being laid behind even after rising demand. Competitors Analysis The industry faces huge competition due to existence and emergence of many small and big events in local or global level (Grant 2016). There are several diversified industries that emerged rapidly in local as well as international level. This was the main reason behind the fragmented nature of the industry. There has been keen competition for different types of events such as travel, meetings, exhibition and others. These events are known as MICE events and companies are entering into these events largely. Reed Exhibition is the similar kind of company entering the industry. The company arrange exhibition and faces huge competition from other event management company. People Analysis Exhibition sector is one of the growing sectors in the event management industry. This is because the rising demand for exhibition has made it grow drastically in 2012. Exhibition is also oneof the most attractive types of events compared to others. This is because the event is the most profitable of all the other events of the industry. The event saw a huge customer traffic since it has started. This has also led to huge customers for Reed Exhibition and made them one of the largest event organizers of the world (Porter and Heppelmann 2014). Macro Industry Analysis Macro environmental analysis will analyze the threat and opportunity the business is facing by analyzing its buyers, supplier and other competitors. Threat from new entrant Event management industry faces huge threat of new entrant in the industry. This is because; event can be organized by anyone at a small level and later increases by investing very little. Thus, new companies find it easy to enter the industry and start their own business. Moreover, compared to cost, profit is quite high in this industry (Jones 2014). Thus, demand for entering the business increases. Threat from rivalry Industry faces huge threat from rivalry within the industry due to existence of high competition. The industry faces huge competition from various typesof events. Even in the exhibition event, the industry has seen many new companies entering and organizing exhibition. Competitors not only come from exhibition organizers, it also comes from wedding, meeting and other types of meeting organizers (Mallen and Adams 2017). Similar threat is experienced by Reed Exhibition organizer due to an increase in similar type of organizers in the industry. Threat of substitutes The industry faces huge threat from substitutes because even though the demand for such events has increased in recent time, yet there are people that arrange their own family events. Moreover, many companies arrange for their own events from time to time, instead of giving it to the event organizers (Bhatt, Manadhata and Zomlot 2014). These substitute event Organizers Company face increases the substitute threat to the industry. Bargaining power of suppliers Bargaining power of the suppliers is low in the industry because the supplies that the industry needs are common and are available easily everywhere. Thus, an increase in price by one will force the company to shift to other suppliers. Thus, this reduces the power in the hand of the suppliers (Bhatt, Manadhata and Zomlot 2014). Moreover, there is no switching cost for the companies to move from one supplier to the other. Suppliers have to go according to the event management company in some factors in order to keep getting business for themselves. Bargaining power of buyers Bargaining power of the buyers are high in this industry as there are large number of companies that the customers can choose according to their own preference. Moreover, the consumers also face no switching cost for switching from one company to the other (Fleisher and Bensoussan 2015). Thus, it is necessary for the companies to go according to the consumer preference in order to gain the trust of the consumer. SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis helps in defining the strength and weakness that the industry is facing based on the operation and competitive environment (Bull et al. 2016). Strength Huge growth in the past years Huge range of increasing demand Various type of event management categories Face to face business activities Weakness Large bargaining power of the customers Rising competition lead to reduction in price Large number of substitute to industry Opportunities Extensive growth prospect Better target audience Winning trust of the customers and increase loyal customers Threat Threat from competitors Threat from new entrant to the industry Threat from technology improvement Topic: SWOT Analysis Source: Authors creation Conclusion From the above analysis, it can be deduced that event management industry is one of the competitive industry. This is because of the increasing competitors in the industry, both small and large scale. Moreover, the company also faces huge threat from substitute, which increases the competition even further. However, due to high growth prospect the industry is considered as one of the fragmented industry. This is because of huge varieties of event that the industry organizes. The industry is experiencing increasing types of event organizers due to increasing demand from the public. References Bhatt, S., Manadhata, P.K. and Zomlot, L., 2014. The operational role of security information and event management systems.IEEE Security Privacy,12(5), pp.35-41. Bull, J.W., Jobstvogt, N., Bhnke-Henrichs, A., Mascarenhas, A., Sitas, N., Baulcomb, C., Lambini, C.K., Rawlins, M., Baral, H., Zhringer, J. and Carter-Silk, E., 2016. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats: A SWOT analysis of the ecosystem services framework.Ecosystem services,17, pp.99-111. Fleisher, C.S. and Bensoussan, B.E., 2015.Business and competitive analysis: effective application of new and classic methods. FT Press. Grant, R.M., 2016.Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley Sons. Ibisworld.com.au. (2018).Event Promotion and Management Services in Australia Market Research | IBISWorld. [online] Available at: https://www.ibisworld.com.au/industry-trends/market-research-reports/administrative-support-services/event-promotion-management-services.html [Accessed 12 Jan. 2018]. Jones, M., 2014.Sustainable event management: A practical guide. Routledge. Mallen, C. and Adams, L.J. eds., 2017.Event management in sport, recreation and tourism: theoretical and practical dimensions. Taylor Francis. Porter, M.E. and Heppelmann, J.E., 2014. How smart, connected products are transforming competition.Harvard Business Review,92(11), pp.64-88.

The Legal System Of Spain Essay Example For Students

The Legal System Of Spain Essay The national government of Spain is composed of a parliamentary monarchy with a hereditary constitutional monarch as the head of state. Under the 1978 Constitution, power was centered in a bicameral legislaturethe Cortes (comprising of the lower house, Congress of Deputies, and upper house, Senate). Both houses are elected by universal suffrage every four years, but the 350-member Congress of Deputies uses a proportional representation system, whereas the Senate contains 208 members elected directly as well as 49 regional representatives. The Congress of Deputies handles greater legislative power. The leader of the dominant political party in the Cortes is designated by the Prime Minister and serves as the head of government. The Prime minister, deputy Prime Minister, and cabinet ministers together make up the Council of Ministers, the highest national executive institution with both policy-making and administrative functions. The constitution also establishes an independent judiciar y. The judicial system is headed by the Supreme Court. It also includes territorial courts, regional courts, provincial courts, courts of first instance, and municipal courts. The Constitutional Court resolves constitutional questions. The twenty-member General Council of the Judiciary appoints judges and maintains ethical standards within the legal profession. The constitution also provides for a public prosecutor and a public defender to protect both the rule of law and the rights of citizens. The regional government is a traditionally centralized, unitary state; however, the 1978 Constitution recognizes and guarantees the right to autonomy of nationalities and regions of which the state is composed. In the late 1980s, the national territory was divided among seventeen autonomous communities, each encompassing one or more previously existing provinces. Each autonomous community was governed by statute of autonomy providing for a unicameral legislative assembly elected by universal suffrage. The assembly members select the president from their ranks. The executive and administrative power is exercised by the Council of Government, headed by the president and responsible to the assembly. The division of powers between the central government and the autonomous communities was imprecise and ambiguous in the late 1980s, but the state had an ultimate responsibility for financial matters and so could exercise a significant degree of control over autonomous community activities. Another means of control provided by a presence in each region of central government is a delegate appointed by the Council of Ministers to monitor regional activities. The provincial government remained centralized in the late 1980s. It was headed by civil governors appointed by the Prime Minister, who are usually political appointees. The provincial government is administered by a provincial council that is elected from among the subordinate municipal council members and headed by the pres ident. There are special provisions for the Basque provinces, the single province autonomous communities, and the Balearic and Canary Islands, as well as North African enclaves. Following the death of Francisco Franco y Bahamonde in November 1975, King Juan Carlos de Bourbon engineered a transition to democracy that resulted in the transformation ofdictatorial regime into a pluralistic, parliamentary democracy. Prior to the advent of participatorydemocracy, there was little political involvement by the citizens. Under Franco, the Spanish society essentially depoliticized. But after forty years without elections, parties revived and proliferated in months following Francos death. Spains foreign relations were traditionally isolated from mainstream European affairs. It was neutral in both world wars and was ostracized during the early rule of Franco because of Francos Fascist ties and dictatorial regime. But because of the strategic location at the western entrance to the Mediterranea n, Spain was drawn into the United States orbit during the Cold War. It signed a defense agreement with the United States in 1953, and was subsequently renewed at regular intervals. Nevertheless, anti-Americanism persisted. They were also permitted to join the United Nations. Following Francos death in 1975, the main diplomatic goal was to establish closer ties with Western Europe and to be recognized as a West European democratic society. It became a member of the Council of Europe in 1977, EC in 1986, and Western European Union in 1988. It had already joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1982, but the membership was controversial within Spain. Socialists initially opposed it, but ultimately it came to support limited involvement, and a public referendum in March of 1986 confirmed Spains membership. Other major foreign policy objectives were to increase Spanish influence in Latin America, to achieve the return of sovereignty over Gibraltar to Spain, and to serve as a br idge between Western Europe and the Arab world, in which Spain had adopted a generally pro-Arab stance. The 1978 Constitution declares that justice emanates from the people and that it is administered in the name of the king by independent judges and magistrates, who are irremovable and who are responsible and subject only to the rule of law. The judicial system is headed by the Supreme Court, which is the countrys highest tribunal except for constitutional questions. The supreme governing and administrative body is the General Council of the Judiciary. Its primary functions are to appoint judges and to maintain ethical standards within the legal profession. The 1978 Constitution provides that twelve of this councils twenty members are to be selected for five-year terms by judges, lawyers, and magistrates, with the remaining eight to be chosen by the Cortes. A judicial reform law that entered into force in July 1985 called for all twenty members to be chosen by the Cortes; ten by th e Congress of Deputies and ten by the Senate. The General Council of the Judiciary elects the president of the Supreme Court, who also serves on this council. In addition, there are territorial courts, regional courts, provincial courts, courts of the first instance, and municipal courts. Constitutional questions are to be resolved by a special Constitutional Court, outlined in the 1978 Constitution and in the Organic Law on the Constitutional Court that was signed into law in October 1979. This court consists of twelve judges who serve for nine-year terms. Four of these are nominated by the Congress of Deputies, four by the Senate, two by the executive branch of the government, and two by the General Council of the Judiciary. They are chosen from among jurists of recognized standing with at least fifteen years experience. Once appointed, they are prohibited by the Constitution from engaging in other forms of political, administrative, professional, or commercial activity. The Organ ic Law on the Constitutional Court contains provisions whereby the court can expel its own members, a circumstance which appears to contradict the constitutional declaration that magistrates are irremovable. The Constitutional Court is authorized to rule on the constitutionality of laws, acts, or regulations set forth by the national or the regional parliaments. It also may rule on the constitutionality of international treaties before they are ratified, if requested to do so by the government, the Congress of Deputies, or the Senate. The Constitution further declares that individual citizens may appeal to the Constitutional Court for protection against governmental acts that violate their civil rights. Only individuals directly affected can make this appeal, called an amparo, and they can do this only after exhausting other judicial appeals. In addition, this court has the power to preview the constitutionality of texts delineating statutes of autonomy and to settle conflicts of ju risdiction between the central and the autonomous community governments, or between the governments of two or more autonomous communities. Because many of the constitutional provisions pertaining to autonomy questions are ambiguous and sometimes contradictory, this court could play a critical role in Spains political and social development. The Constitution prohibits special courts and limits the jurisdiction of military courts to members of the armed services, except during a state of siege. It provides for a public prosecutor as well as for a public defender, to protect both the rule of law and the rights of citizens. A significant innovation is the provision allowing for trial by jury in criminal cases. One aspect of Spains limited experience of democratic politics is that its judiciary has historically tended to be more or less directly controlled by the government of the day. Executive influence was especially widespread under the Franco regime and took a number of forms. Offen ces that would in most countries be considered a matter for the civilian courts fell under military jurisdiction; judges career chances were under direct government control. As a result, the executives role in the administration of justice was thorny issue facing democratic governments after 1975. .u2ea765adbeea3c88e709d9fd8755a7d0 , .u2ea765adbeea3c88e709d9fd8755a7d0 .postImageUrl , .u2ea765adbeea3c88e709d9fd8755a7d0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2ea765adbeea3c88e709d9fd8755a7d0 , .u2ea765adbeea3c88e709d9fd8755a7d0:hover , .u2ea765adbeea3c88e709d9fd8755a7d0:visited , .u2ea765adbeea3c88e709d9fd8755a7d0:active { border:0!important; } .u2ea765adbeea3c88e709d9fd8755a7d0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2ea765adbeea3c88e709d9fd8755a7d0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2ea765adbeea3c88e709d9fd8755a7d0:active , .u2ea765adbeea3c88e709d9fd8755a7d0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2ea765adbeea3c88e709d9fd8755a7d0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2ea765adbeea3c88e709d9fd8755a7d0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2ea765adbeea3c88e709d9fd8755a7d0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2ea765adbeea3c88e709d9fd8755a7d0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2ea765adbeea3c88e709d9fd8755a7d0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2ea765adbeea3c88e709d9fd8755a7d0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2ea765adbeea3c88e709d9fd8755a7d0 .u2ea765adbeea3c88e709d9fd8755a7d0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2ea765adbeea3c88e709d9fd8755a7d0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: In feminist writing Essay We will write a custom essay on The Legal System Of Spain specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The 1978 Constitution included provisions designed to ensure judicial independence. Modeled on similar arrangements in France and Italy, they envisaged creation of a General Council of the Judiciary (Consejo General del Poder Judicial, CGPJ). In essence, the CGPJs purpose was to remove from government control personnel decisions affecting the judiciary. Under the 1980 Act it had sole responsibility for all such matters, including the selection of members of the judicial service, appointment to particular posts, and promotion to higher courts. The CGPJ also has wide powers to propose changes in the organization of the judiciary and court system. It examines proposed legislation of all types, advising the government as to compatibility with judicial procedures and the Constitution. It must be consulted by the government before the latter appoints a new Attorney General, and itself nominates two members of the Constitutional Court. The Council is also responsible for nominating from among its own members the chairman of the Supreme Court, who in turn automatically assumes the chair of the CGPJ. As required by the 1978 Constitution, various mechanisms exist to protect the public interest within the legal system. First, the elected government of the day has a number of responsibilities in this area. As in most continental European countries, these lie with the Ministry of Justice. The Ministry has a number of different roles. In consultation with other bodies, including the Lawyers Association, it drafts government legislation. It administers the legal systems physical infrastructure, such as courthouses. The Ministry also runs the governments own legal service. The second instrument of the public interest within the legal system is the government attorney service. This body is responsible principally for acting as public prosecutor in criminal cases. As such, attorneys initiate the examination stage of cases, and thereafter cooperate with the police and the examining magistrate in assembling the evidence. At the subsequent trial they lead the prosecution case. In addition, the attorney service has a general brief to monitor the functioning of the courts to ensure that verdicts are implemented and that procedures are properly carried out. Its members enjoy wide powers to intervene in cases where they have grounds to believe that the public interest is affected. The service is headed by the Attorney General, nominated by the government after consulting the General Council of the Judiciary. Constitutional provisions for more direct public involvement in the judicial system have been less than fully implemented. Thus the Constitution allows for the possibility of trial by jury, yet measures to regulate its introduction were not passed until 1995. Even then there was very little preparation in terms of public education, giving rise to considerable concern among both lawyers and the public about the practical effects. The Constitution also allows the possibility of a private prosecution. If litigation can be shown to derive form a sufficient degree of public concern, then the costs must be taken by the state. Yet this provision too has had minimal impact, because of the highly restrictive conditions on its applications. In practice, access to the courts continues to require the retention not just of a lawyer but also of an officially recognized legal representative, equivalent to a barrister or advocate. Prior to 1975 several types of courts enjoyed the power to impose legally binding decisions. They included Church courts, as well as the tribunals operated by certain professional organizations and by the military. The 1978 Constitution recognizes the jurisdiction of these latter within the specifically military sphere. With this single exception however, it explicitly denies legal jurisdiction to all organs other than the courts of the states own judicial systemSpanish courts are also structured on the basis of a conceptual division of the judicial process into stages. The central the only one in many cases, is that of trial. Evidence is presented to and examined by the court which then announces its verdict and any sentences. If one of the parties has legitimate grounds to question the courts decision, the case may pass to a further stage, that of appeal. In criminal cases the trial is also preceded by another stage, that of examination. During it the court authorities are responsible for gathering the relevant evidence, in the form of exhibits and statements. The results are then presented to the court trying the case in a report. It is a fundamental principle of the system that, in a given case, no two of these stages should be handled by the same court. .u61aedf45f0b07827f043b8568b9576c9 , .u61aedf45f0b07827f043b8568b9576c9 .postImageUrl , .u61aedf45f0b07827f043b8568b9576c9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u61aedf45f0b07827f043b8568b9576c9 , .u61aedf45f0b07827f043b8568b9576c9:hover , .u61aedf45f0b07827f043b8568b9576c9:visited , .u61aedf45f0b07827f043b8568b9576c9:active { border:0!important; } .u61aedf45f0b07827f043b8568b9576c9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u61aedf45f0b07827f043b8568b9576c9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u61aedf45f0b07827f043b8568b9576c9:active , .u61aedf45f0b07827f043b8568b9576c9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u61aedf45f0b07827f043b8568b9576c9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u61aedf45f0b07827f043b8568b9576c9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u61aedf45f0b07827f043b8568b9576c9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u61aedf45f0b07827f043b8568b9576c9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u61aedf45f0b07827f043b8568b9576c9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u61aedf45f0b07827f043b8568b9576c9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u61aedf45f0b07827f043b8568b9576c9 .u61aedf45f0b07827f043b8568b9576c9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u61aedf45f0b07827f043b8568b9576c9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Social Media and Law Enforcement Sample EssayThe conceptual hierarchy of court overlaps with a second, geographical one, higher levels of which cover larger areas as well as subsequent stages of procedure. It was subject to considerable reform by the 1988 Court Structure and Functions Act. The only tier left unaffected by the Act was the lowest, made up of the municipal courts with jurisdiction over minor civil and criminal offences. They are presided over by a single Justice of the Peace, who is not required to have any legal training. The fundamental change introduced by the 1988 Act was the establishment of new courts at the level of court districts to replace the former district courts. These so-called courts of the first instance and examination deal with the bulk of cases. They act as appeal courts for cases tried before justices of the peace, a role in contradiction with their title. In other civil cases they act as a genuine court of the first instance, i.e., as the court by which the case is first heard. In most criminal cases they act as the examining court. These reformed district courts are again presided over by a single member of the judiciary. Unlike justices of peace, he or she must be a trained lawyer. Another change brought about by the 1988 Act was the creation of special provincial criminal courts. They try lesser offences, that is, those subject to a maximum prison term of three years. Previously such trials had been heard by the district courts, which had examined them, in violation of the principle that different stages of a case should be the responsibility of different courts. Along with the special provincial childrens, prison, employment and administrative courts, they complete the category of lower courts. Courts at higher levels of the system are distinguished in several ways. They are collegiate, that is, they are presided over by a bench composed of several members known as judges. They consist of several divisions, concerned with different types of cases. And they also generally deal with appeals from lower courts rather than with first hearings. An important exception to this last distinction is provided by the provincial courts which, in addition to hearing appeals from below, also try criminal offenses too serious to be heard by a lower court. The next level consists of the regional High Courts established as a result of devolution in the 1980s, which replace the former regional courts. For matters relating exclusively to the region concerned they provide the final court of appeal. In cases where country wide-issues are involved, further recourse may be had to the High Court, established in 1977. Its criminal division also tries cases in certain fields, including falsification of the coinage, contamination of foodstuffs and medicines, and drug trafficking. Rather than comparing the methods of the Spanish legal system to one of another country, I believe that the Pinochet case has had a direct effect on the legal system of Spain and various other countries. The former Chilean dictator General Augusto Pinochet is wanted by a Spanish High Court judge on charges of genocide and torture, and other crimes against humanity. Pinochet is currently under police guard after being arrested on an international warrant by Spanish magistrates. The judge is seeking to extradite him in the murders in Chile of Spanish citizens. Spains high court judges ruled that Spain has jurisdiction to investigate the case. This ruling by Spains National Court that Spanish courts could try people for offences committed under former military regimes in Chile and Argentina appeared to clear the way for a number of prosecutions. The extradition request must be approved by Spains cabinet before going through diplomatic channels to Britain. According to the Universal Decl aration of Human Rights Article 14, a person can be extradited from asylum in a foreign country for a criminal account or from acts contrary to principles of the United Nations. Spain filed an expedition from Britain using the Law of European Community. Following the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Spain is fully within its jurisdiction to try and punish the persecutor of genocide (Article 6). The 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide confirms that genocide, whether committed in time of peace or in time of war, is a crime under international law for which individuals shall be tried and punished. This case must follow the proper litigation within the European community and thus effects the judicial procedures of numerous countries. Finally the Supreme Court is concerned with resolving appeals, relating to the interpretation of legislation. Its decisions in such cases continue a body of case law. This is collected and published by the General Council of the Judiciary, for use by the lower courts as a source of guidance, additional but subordinate to legislation. The Court consists of five divisions which deal with civil, criminal, military, administrative and employment matters. The initial conclusion I came to after reviewing the material and research on the Spanish legal system was that there was not a varied amount of publications on the topic. The most recent works were mainly about the Spanish integration within the European community. Secondly, the material that I did find focused on the structure, not the application and use of the court system. Upon evaluation of the legal system of Spain it has a considerable amount of structural efficiency with respectable decisions. However, A major problem that conti nued to plague the legal system was a severe shortage of funds, which made it impossible to keep up with an increasingly heavy caseload. This resulted in inordinate delays, which led to corrupt practices such as the bribing of court administrators by lawyers attempting to expedite their clients cases. BibliographyCortada, James. (1971). United States Spanish Relations, Wolfram and World War II. Barcelona: Manuel Pareja. Lancaster, Thomas, ; Prevost, Gary (Eds.). (1985). Politics and Change in Spain. NewYork: Praeger. Lawlor, Teresa, ; Rigby, Mike. (1998). Contemporary Spain. New York: Longman. Yannopoulos, George N., (1989). European Integration and the Iberian Economies. London: Macmillan Press.